Detail:

        Esketamine, also known as (S)-ketamine or S(+)-ketamine and sold under the brand names Ketanest and Ketanest S among others, is a general anesthetic and a dissociative hallucinogen. It is the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine, which is an anesthetic and dissociative similarly. It is given by intravenous infusion.

        Esketamine acts primarily as a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. It also acts to some extent as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor but, unlike ketamine, does not interact with the sigma receptors.

        Esketamine was introduced for medical use in 1997. In addition to its anesthetic effects, the medication shows properties of being a rapid-acting antidepressant, and is under development for use as such. As of November 2017, it has completed phase III clinical trials for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in the United States, with results to be announced in the second quarter of 2018.Johnson & Johnson plans on filing a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) New Drug Application (NDA) for approval in 2018.

Medical uses:

        Esketamine is a general anesthetic and is used for similar indications as ketamine. Such uses include induction of anesthesia in high-risk patients such as those with hemorrhagic shock, anaphylactic shock, septic shock, severe bronchospasm, severe hepatic insufficiency, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis; anesthesia in caesarian section; use of multiple anesthetics in burns; and as a supplement to regional anesthesia with incomplete nerve blocks.

Pharmacology:

        Esketamine is approximately twice as potent as an anesthetic as racemic ketamine. It is eliminated from the human body more quickly than arketamine (R(–)-ketamine) or racemic ketamine, although arketamine slows its elimination.

A number of studies have suggested that esketamine has a more medically useful pharmacological action than arketamine or racemic ketamine. However, in mice found that the rapid antidepressant effect of arketamine was greater and lasted longer than that of esketamine. As such, as an antidepressant, the contrary has been stated ("R ketamine appears to be a potent and safe antidepressant relative to S ketamine", "(2R,6R)-HNK (hydroxynorketamine), a major metabolite of (R)-ketamine", "R-ketamine as a longer-lasting antidepressant compared with rapastinel").

        Esketamine inhibits dopamine transporters eight times more than arketamine. This increases dopamine activity in the brain. At doses causing the same intensity of effects, esketamine is generally considered to be more pleasant by patients. Patients also generally recover mental function more quickly after being treated with pure esketamine, which may be a result of the fact that it is cleared from their system more quickly. This is however in contradiction with R-ketamine being devoid of psychotomimetic side effects.

        Esketamine has an affinity for the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor 3 to 4 times higher than that of arketamine. Unlike arketamine, esketamine does not bind significantly to sigma receptors. Esketamine increases glucose metabolism in frontal cortex, while arketamine decreases glucose metabolism in the brain. This difference may be responsible for the fact that esketamine generally has a more dissociative or hallucinogenic effect while arketamine is reportedly more relaxing. However, another study found no difference between racemic and (S)-ketamine on the patient's level of vigilance. Interpretation of this finding is complicated by the fact that racemic ketamine comprises 50% (S)-ketamine.

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