Detail:

        Oxymorphone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic (painkiller) developed in Germany in 1914. Pain relief after injection begins after about 5–10 minutes and 15–30 minutes after rectal administration, and lasts about 3–4 hours for immediate-release tablets and 12 hours for extended-release tablets.

        It is highly addictive and in June 2017 the FDA asked the manufacturer to remove its product from the US market. This was in part due to the opioid epidemic in the US, and the fact that the 2012 reformulation led to a shift in the route of abuse from nasal to injection. It was the first time in the history of the agency, that the FDA had made a request for removal regarding a product currently on the market. In response, by July 2017, Endo International voluntarily removed Opana ER from the market. Generic versions of extended release oxymorphone are still available for prescription use in the US.

Medical uses:

        Oxymorphone is indicated for the relief of moderate to severe pain and also as a preoperative medication to alleviate apprehension, maintain anaesthesia and as an obstetric analgesic. It can be used to alleviate pain in dyspnea associated with acute left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema. It has practically no cough suppressing activity.

        Oxymorphone extended-release tablets are indicated for the management of chronic pain and only for people already on a regular schedule of strong opioids for a prolonged period. Immediate-release oxymorphone tablets are recommended for breakthrough pain for people on the extended-release version. Some protocols for severe breakthrough pain in chronic pain conditions add Numorphan ampoules as a third form of the drug. As of 2009, an oxymorphone nasal spray was being developed for this purpose with unknown release date; some practitioners prefer fentanyl immediate-release formulations such as Actiq or Fentora for this purpose despite fentanyl's occasional severe side effects. In the United States it is a Schedule II controlled substance with an ACSCN of 9652.

Adverse effects:

        The principal adverse effects of oxymorphone are similar to other opioids with constipation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, dry mouth and drowsiness being the most common adverse effects. This drug is highly addictive as with other opioids and can lead to chemical dependence and withdrawal.

Overdose:

        In common with other opioids, oxymorphone overdosage is characterized by respiratory depression, sleepiness progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle weakness, cold and clammy skin, and sometimes slow heart rate and low blood pressure. In a severe case of overdose, apnea, circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest and death can occur.

Pharmacodynamics:

        It elicits its effects by binding to and activating the mu opioid receptor (MOR) and, to a lesser extent, the delta opioid receptor (DOR).Its activity at the DOR likely augments its action at the MOR.Oxymorphone is 10 times more potent than morphine.

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